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→Streetcar segregation
The Florida Supreme Court (in ''Florida v. Patterson'') struck down the Avery law a month after its passage, after which the ''Pensacola Journal'' noted, "The negroes began to ride early and it was noticeable that they almost invariably occupied the front seats."<ref name="ortiz"/>
However, segregation was soon reinstituted when the [[City of Pensacola]] passed an ordinance (sponsored by the [[Pensacola Chamber of Commerce|Chamber of Commerce]]) using modified Avery language. The ordinance was vetoed by [[Pensacola Mayor|Mayor]] [[Charles H. Bliss]], out of concerns that it would also be found unconstitutional, but was passed by the council regardless. It went into effect on [[October 1513]], 1905.
[[L. B. Crooms]] was jailed for violating the streetcar laws, and in the [[1906]] cases ''Crooms v. Schad'' and ''Patterson v. Taylor'' these new segregation laws were upheld as constitutional.<ref>Shira Levine. [http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/pages_folder/articles/To_Maintain_Our_Self-Respect.pdf "'To Maintain Our Self-Respect': The Jacksonville Challenge to Segregated Street Cars and the Meaning of Equality, 1900-1906."]</ref>
