Editing Fort McRee

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Fort McRee
|image=Outsidemcree.PNG
|caption=Confederate troops outside Fort McRee
|location=[[Foster's Bank]], [[Perdido Key]]
|type=Bent elliptical fort
|built=[[1834]]-[[1839]]
|builder=
|materials=
|size=450 feet by 150 feet
|used=1839-1906
|demolished=[[1906]]
|controlledby=United States (1839-1861, 1862 onward)<br/>Confederate States (1861-1862)
|armament=128 guns (1858)
|garrison=40 (peacetime), 400 (war), 500 (siege)
|currentcommander=
|commanders=
|occupants=
|battles=
|events=[[Civil War]]
|status=No longer extant
|ownership=
|visitors=
|mapcode=
}}
'''Fort McRee''' was a bent elliptical military fort located on [[Foster's Bank]], at the eastern tip of [[Perdido Key]], near [[Pensacola Pass]]. Significantly damaged during the [[Civil War]], the fort was essentially abandoned and left to the the elements. There are little or no remnants of the fort visible today.

==Design & construction==
The fort was designed in [[1829]] by [[Wikipedia:Simon Bernard|Simon Bernard]]. Ironically, the man for whom the fort would be named in [[1840]], Army engineer Colonel [[Wikipedia:William McRee|William McRee]], had resigned his commission in [[1819]] in protest after Bernard was appointed to a high position in the Army Corps of Engineers.<ref name="coleman">Coleman, James C. (1988). Fort McRee, The Castle Built on Sand. Pensacola Historical Society.</ref> Its unique, boomerang-like design was necessitated by the narrowness of the Foster's Bank site and the need to face its main cannon force toward the [[Pensacola Pass|channel]].

Being built on a sandy barrier island, the foundation of the fort was raised to five feet above mean low tide (three feet above mean high tide). The fort was 450 feet by 150 feet at its widest points. The wall facing the channel was 366 feet long, and the top of the wall was thirty-five feet above low tide. A parade ground inside the fort was 400 feet long by 84 feet wide and featured two hot-shot furnaces. The ends of the fort were rounded with iron stairs leading from the parade ground to the upper levels, and a circular staircase (likely with granite treads) stood in the center of the fort.

The armament at McRee included 128 cannons, including 24- and 32-pounders. Eighty-two were placed in two tiers on the casements and forty-six [[Wikipedia:Barbette|en barbette]]. The barbette platform stood thirty feet above low tide, with a 22-foot-wide terreplein that extended around the fort's perimeter. The casements themselves were 21 feet tall, with masonry arches divided by wooden timbers.

Construction took place between 1834 and 1839, and as was the case with Pensacola's other area forts, was overseen by [[William Henry Chase]]. Construction required 15 million bricks and the total cost was $335,000.

==[[Civil War]]==
''De Bow's Review'' described the armaments at Fort McRee in [[1858]]:
{{cquote|Fort McRee, in the harbor of Pensacola, is supplied with one hundred and twenty guns, composed of about equal numbers of twenty-four, thirty-two and forty-two pounders. The average effective range of these guns may be stated at 1,100 yards, and the weight of metal that may be projected from the entire battery 3,920 pounds.|20px|20px|J. D. B. De Bow, ''De Bow's Review'', 1858.}}

On [[January 10]], [[1861]], Florida became the third state to secede from the Union. Shortly thereafter, the commanding Union Army officer in Pensacola, Lieutenant [[Adam J. Slemmer]], decided to abandon Forts Barrancas and McRee and consolidate Union forces at [[Fort Pickens]]. Slemmer explained his decision as strategically necessary:
{{cquote|I called on Commodore [[James Armstrong|[James] Armstrong]] (Union Commanding Officer of the [[Navy Yard]]) ... He had received orders to cooperate with me.  We decided that with our limited means of defense we could hold but one fort, and that should be [[Fort Pickens]], as it commanded completely the harbor and the forts and also the navy yard.|20px|20px|"Pensacola in the Civil War." ''Florida Historical Quarterly'', Vol. IX, No. 2, 1978.}}

Slemmer's men destroyed over 20,000 pounds of gunpowder at Fort McRee, spiked the guns at [[Fort Barrancas]], and evacuated 51 soldiers and 30 sailors to Fort Pickens.<ref name="PICW">"Pensacola in the Civil War." ''Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. IX, No. 2, 1978.</ref> On [[January 12]], rebel troops from Alabama and Florida occupied Fort McRee, as well as the Navy Yard and Fort Barrancas.

At 10:00 AM on the morning of [[November 22]], [[1861]], the Union batteries at Fort Pickens opened fire on the Confederate steamers docked at the Navy Yard wharf. The steamers escaped the line of fire with minimal damage, but the Confederate guns at Forts McRee and Barrancas returned fire. The Union ships ''[[Wikipedia:USS Richmond (1860)|USS Richmond]]'' and ''[[Wikipedia:USS Niagara (1855)|USS Niagara]]'' soon moved closer to shore and joined the Union barrage, firing primarily at Fort McRee. Union guns shot off the flagstaffs at both McRee and Barrancas. Confederate general Braxton Bragg called the artillery battle "grand and sublime," and wrote that "the houses in Pensacola, ten miles off, trembled from the effect; and immense quantities of dead fish floated on the surface of the lagoon, stunned by the concussion."<ref name="Davis">Davis, William Watson. [http://books.google.com/books?id=YlIpAAAAYAAJ ''The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida.''] New York: Columbia University, 1913.</ref>

The artillery battle continued the next day. In all, Union troops expended 5,000 rounds of ammunition while Confederate troops returned some 1,000 shots. Fort Pickens on the Union side sustained little damage, but Confederate-held Fort McRee, its water battery, as well as the navy yard and the village of [[Warrington]] all sustained extensive damage. Federal troops did sustain two deaths and 13 wounded. Federal artillery inflicted even more damage on [[January 1]] and [[January 2|2]], 1862, causing extensive fire damage at the Navy Yard and exploding the powder magazine at Fort McRee.<ref name="PICW" />

==Postbellum abandonment==
[[Image:Mcreeruins3.PNG|thumb|right|Remnants of Fort McRee after the [[1906 hurricane]]]]
After the Civil War, Fort McRee was essentially abandoned. This is evidenced by the War Department's permission in 1875 for the commanding officer at [[Fort Barrancas]] to remove 50,000 bricks from McRee to make repairs at Barrancas.<ref name="coleman" />

Nearly everything that remained of Fort McRee was leveled by the [[1906 hurricane]].

==Abandonment, reuse, and decay==
With the completion of the [[Wikipedia:Endicott Board|Endicott Board]] and the subsequent renewed interest in strengthening the coastal defenses of the US, activity returned to Fort McRee.  In [[1898]] a battery of two 8-inch rifled guns were constructed just west of the fort, named Battery Slemmer in honor of [[Adam J. Slemmer]]. In [[1899]] a battery of rapid fire guns were installed in another battery named Battery Center after Lieutenant J. P. Center, an officer killed at the [[Wikipedia:Battle of Lake Okeechobee|Battle of Lake Okeechobee]].<ref name="coleman"/>

Manning of Battery Slemmer and Center were by members of the [[US Coast Guard]].  Manning fluctuated between 50 and 100 personnel who were rotated from Fort Barrancas.<ref name="coleman"/>

A hurricane that struck on 26-27 September 1906 destroyed most of the newer structures that had been erected since 1898.  After the hurricane, only a minimal caretaker staff remained to ensure the security of the site.  With America's entry into World War I in 1917, the guns of Battery Slemmer were removed and sent to Europe for mounting on railway cars.  In 1920, the guns of Battery Center were declared surplus and removed as well.  With the removal of these guns, Fort McRee once again fell into disuse.<ref name="coleman"/>

==Other images==
<gallery>
Image:Troopsatmcree.jpg|Confederate troops at Fort McRee
Image:Ftmcreebattery.jpg|Confederate troops in Fort McRee's water battery
Image:Fort McRee Water Battery.png|Fort McRee water battery, 1861
Image:Mcreeruins.jpg|Ruins of Fort McRee
Image:Mcreeruins2.jpg|Ruins of Fort McRee, c1910s postcard
Image:Insidemcree.jpg|Inside Fort McRee
</gallery>

==External links==
*[http://www.geocities.com/yello_armadillo/mcree.htm Fort McRee: A Virtual Tour]

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*James C. and Irene S. Coleman. ''Guardians on the Gulf: Pensacola Fortifications, 1698-1980''. Pensacola Historical Society, 1982.
{{refend}}
{{reflist}}

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[[Category:Forts]]