Editing Fort Pickens

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.

The edit can be undone. Please check the comparison below to verify that this is what you want to do, and then save the changes below to finish undoing the edit.
Latest revision Your text
Line 22: Line 22:
 
|ownership=[[National Park Service]]
 
|ownership=[[National Park Service]]
 
|visitors=
 
|visitors=
|mapcode=<googlemap version="0.9" lat="30.326434" lon="-87.289124" type="hybrid" zoom="14" width="288" height="200">
+
|mapcode=
30.320563, -87.282257
 
Battery Cooper
 
30.321174, -87.28488
 
Battery 234
 
30.322047, -87.285049
 
World War II Tower
 
30.327032, -87.29062
 
Battery Pensacola
 
30.328064, -87.296151
 
Battery Payne
 
30.330616, -87.295336
 
Battery Trueman
 
30.327018, -87.294348
 
Batteries Cullum, Sevier & Van Swearingen
 
5#FFFB0A0A
 
30.327879, -87.290727
 
30.327342, -87.291221
 
30.327393, -87.291307
 
30.32731, -87.291441
 
30.32718, -87.291382
 
30.327189, -87.291259
 
30.326314, -87.290942
 
30.326249, -87.291044
 
30.326059, -87.29098
 
30.326106, -87.290792
 
30.326291, -87.290711
 
30.326402, -87.290218
 
30.326291, -87.290089
 
30.32624, -87.289655
 
30.326694, -87.289805
 
30.326768, -87.290041
 
30.327476, -87.289944
 
30.327504, -87.289708
 
30.327828, -87.289445
 
30.32787, -87.28974
 
30.3278, -87.289928
 
30.327921, -87.290202
 
30.327879, -87.290341
 
</googlemap>
 
 
}}
 
}}
'''Fort Pickens''' is a pentagonal historic United States military fort on [[Santa Rosa Island]], at the entrance to [[Pensacola Bay]]. It is named after [[Wikipedia:American Revolutionary War|American Revolutionary War]] hero [[Andrew Pickens]]. The fort was completed in [[1834]] and remained in use in some form until [[1947]].
+
'''Fort Pickens''' is a pentagonal historic United States military fort on [[Santa Rosa Island]], at the entrance to [[Pensacola Bay]]. It is named after [[Wikipedia:American Revolutionary War|American Revolutionary War]] hero [[Andrew Pickens]]. The fort was completed in [[1834]] and remained in use in some form until [[1947]]. Fort Pickens is currently part of the [[Gulf Islands National Seashore]], and as such, is administered by the [[Wikipedia:National Park Service|National Park Service]].
 
 
Fort Pickens is currently part of the [[Gulf Islands National Seashore]], and as such, is administered by the [[Wikipedia:National Park Service|National Park Service]]. The '''Fort Pickens Area''' encompasses the western seven miles of Santa Rosa Island, including the fort itself as well as numerous auxiliary batteries.
 
 
 
==Design and construction==
 
The Fortifications Bill of 1828 was signed into law by President John Quincy Adams on [[May 24]] of that year. It allocated $50,000 for the construction of fortifications at Pensacola. A supplemental appropriation the following year allocated another $55,000.<ref name="Bearss">Bearss, Edwin C. [http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/uwf%3A3960#page/1/mode/1up ''Historic Structure Report, Fort Pickens''.] U.S. Department of the Interior, 1983.</ref>
 
 
 
The land on the western end of Santa Rosa Island on which the proposed fort was to be located was owned by [[Henry Michelet]]. On [[May 28]], [[1828]], the United States purchased 1,181 acres from Michelet for the sum of $4,000. On [[June 4]], [[1829]], a contract with [[Underhill and Strong]] for construction of the fort was approved by Chief Engineer [[Wikipedia:Charles Gratiot|Charles Gratiot]] of the Army Corps of Engineers.<ref name="Bearss" />
 
  
 +
==Construction==
 
[[Image:Fort Pickens map 1861.png|thumb|right|1861 sketch of the fort]]
 
[[Image:Fort Pickens map 1861.png|thumb|right|1861 sketch of the fort]]
French engineer [[Wikipedia:Simon Bernard|Simon Bernard]] was appointed to design Fort Pickens. The fort is pentagonal in shape with walls 40 feet high and 12 feet thick.<ref>Kaiser, Harvey H. ''The National Park Architecture Sourcebook.'' Princeton Architectural Press, 2008.</ref> Construction on Fort Pickens lasted from [[1829]] to [[1834]], with 21.5 million bricks being used to build the fort.  Much of the construction was done by slave labor.
+
French engineer [[Wikipedia:Simon Bernard|Simon Bernard]] was appointed to design Fort Pickens. Construction on Fort Pickens lasted from [[1829]] to [[1834]], with 21.5 million bricks being used to build the fort.  Much of the construction was done by slave labor.
  
 
Fort Pickens was the largest of a group of forts designed to fortify Pensacola's harbor. Fort Pickens supplemented [[Fort Barrancas]], [[Fort McRee]], and the [[Navy Yard]]. Located at the western tip of Santa Rosa Island, just offshore from the mainland, Pickens guarded the island and the entrance to the harbor. Its construction was supervised by Colonel [[William H. Chase]] of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Ironically, during the [[Civil War]] some years later, Chase was later appointed by the State of Florida to command its troops and seize for the South the very fort he had built.
 
Fort Pickens was the largest of a group of forts designed to fortify Pensacola's harbor. Fort Pickens supplemented [[Fort Barrancas]], [[Fort McRee]], and the [[Navy Yard]]. Located at the western tip of Santa Rosa Island, just offshore from the mainland, Pickens guarded the island and the entrance to the harbor. Its construction was supervised by Colonel [[William H. Chase]] of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Ironically, during the [[Civil War]] some years later, Chase was later appointed by the State of Florida to command its troops and seize for the South the very fort he had built.
Line 79: Line 34:
 
==Civil War==
 
==Civil War==
 
[[Image:Fort-pickens.jpg|thumb|right|Engraving of wartime Fort Pickens]]
 
[[Image:Fort-pickens.jpg|thumb|right|Engraving of wartime Fort Pickens]]
By the time of the Civil War, Fort Pickens had not been regularly occupied since the [[Wikipedia:Mexican–American War|Mexican–American War]]. However, Lieutenant [[Adam Jacoby Slemmer]], in charge of United States forces at Fort Barrancas, determined that Fort Pickens was more defensible than any of the other posts in the area.
+
By the time of the Civil War, Fort Pickens had not been regularly occupied since the [[Wikipedia:Mexican–American War|Mexican–American War]]. However, Lieutenant [[Wikipedia:Adam J. Slemmer|Adam J. Slemmer]], in charge of United States forces at Fort Barrancas, determined that Fort Pickens was more defensible than any of the other posts in the area.
  
 
His decision to abandon Fort Barrancas was hastened when, around midnight of [[January 8]], [[1861]], his guards repelled a group of local men intending to take the fort. Some historians suggest that these were the first shots fired by United States forces in the Civil War. Shortly after this incident, Slemmer destroyed over 20,000 pounds of gunpowder at Fort McRee, spiked the guns at Barrancas, and evacuated about eighty troops to Fort Pickens. Despite repeated Confederate military threats to it, Fort Pickens remained in Union hands throughout the Civil War.
 
His decision to abandon Fort Barrancas was hastened when, around midnight of [[January 8]], [[1861]], his guards repelled a group of local men intending to take the fort. Some historians suggest that these were the first shots fired by United States forces in the Civil War. Shortly after this incident, Slemmer destroyed over 20,000 pounds of gunpowder at Fort McRee, spiked the guns at Barrancas, and evacuated about eighty troops to Fort Pickens. Despite repeated Confederate military threats to it, Fort Pickens remained in Union hands throughout the Civil War.
Line 91: Line 46:
  
 
==Hurricane Ivan==
 
==Hurricane Ivan==
[[Image:Pickens-ivan.jpg|thumb|right|Extensive flooding after Hurricane Ivan]]
 
 
In September [[2004]], [[Hurricane Ivan]] battered the Gulf Islands National Seashore, causing extensive flooding, the destruction of a number of buildings, and a large number of felled trees. Despite the extensive damage, the actual fort "held its ground during the hurricane with only minor damage."<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/archive/guis/FLA/Hurricane%20Ivan/Hurricane.html http://www.nps.gov/archive/guis/FLA/Hurricane%20Ivan/Hurricane.html]</ref>
 
In September [[2004]], [[Hurricane Ivan]] battered the Gulf Islands National Seashore, causing extensive flooding, the destruction of a number of buildings, and a large number of felled trees. Despite the extensive damage, the actual fort "held its ground during the hurricane with only minor damage."<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/archive/guis/FLA/Hurricane%20Ivan/Hurricane.html http://www.nps.gov/archive/guis/FLA/Hurricane%20Ivan/Hurricane.html]</ref>
 
Portions of Fort Pickens Road washed out in the hurricane, and vehicular access to Fort Pickens was not restored until early 2009.
 
  
 
==Batteries==
 
==Batteries==
 
A number of weapons emplacements were constructed in and around Fort Pickens throughout the years.
 
A number of weapons emplacements were constructed in and around Fort Pickens throughout the years.
 
===Battery Pensacola===
 
===Battery Pensacola===
'''Battery Pensacola''' was constructed in [[1898]] on a portion of the parade ground within Fort Pickens. At the battery were mounted two 12-inch rifles on disappearing carriages capable of firing 1,070 lb. shells approximately 8 miles.<ref name="NPS">[http://www.nps.gov/archive/guis/extended/FLA/History/Battery.htm National Park Service - Gulf Islands National Seashore]</ref>  The battery was declared surplus in [[1933]] and its guns were removed in [[1934]].<ref name="Quesada">de Quesada, Alejandro M. ''A History of Florida Forts: Florida's Lonely Outposts.'' The History Press, 2006.</ref>
+
'''Battery Pensacola''' was constructed in [[1898]] on a portion of the parade ground within Fort Pickens. At the battery were mounted two 12-inch rifles on disappearing carriages capable of firing 1,070 lb. shells approximately 8 miles.<ref name="NPS">[http://www.nps.gov/archive/guis/extended/FLA/History/Battery.htm National Park Service - Gulf Islands National Seashore]</ref>
  
 
===Battery Van Swearingen===
 
===Battery Van Swearingen===
[[Image:Vanswearingen.jpg|thumb|right|A portion of Battery Van Swearingen]]
+
'''Battery Van Swearingen''' was activated on [[June 29]], [[1898]]. Two 4.7-inch Armstrong guns were mounted on pedestal carriages. These were replaced with 3-inch rapid fire guns during World War II.<ref name="NPS" /><ref>de Quesada, Alejandro M. ''A History of Florida Forts: Florida's Lonely Outposts.'' The History Press, 2006.</ref>
'''Battery Van Swearingen''' was activated on [[June 29]], [[1898]]. Two 4.7-inch Armstrong guns were mounted on pedestal carriages. These were replaced with 3-inch rapid fire guns during World War II.<ref name="NPS" /><ref name="Quesada" />
 
  
 
===Batteries Cullum and Sevier===
 
===Batteries Cullum and Sevier===
[[Image:CullumSevier.jpg|thumb|right|Batteries Cullum and Sevier]]
 
 
'''Battery Cullum''' and '''Battery Sevier''', completed by [[1898]], housed four 10-inch rifles on disappearing carriages. Although these structures appear to be one large complex, they are two separate structures.<ref name="NPS" />
 
'''Battery Cullum''' and '''Battery Sevier''', completed by [[1898]], housed four 10-inch rifles on disappearing carriages. Although these structures appear to be one large complex, they are two separate structures.<ref name="NPS" />
  
 
After World War I, the batteries were declared surplus and two of the guns at Battery Cullum were removed. However, in [[1921]], the War Department reversed that decision and installed two new 10-inch guns at Cullum. Between [[1922]]-[[1923]], a new power station was constructed at Cullum/Sevier. In [[1942]], the 10-inch guns at Batteries Cullum and Sevier were removed. They were replaced in [[1943]] by three-inch rapid fire guns.<ref name="Quesada" />
 
After World War I, the batteries were declared surplus and two of the guns at Battery Cullum were removed. However, in [[1921]], the War Department reversed that decision and installed two new 10-inch guns at Cullum. Between [[1922]]-[[1923]], a new power station was constructed at Cullum/Sevier. In [[1942]], the 10-inch guns at Batteries Cullum and Sevier were removed. They were replaced in [[1943]] by three-inch rapid fire guns.<ref name="Quesada" />
 
Due to deterioration, the battery structure has been declared unsafe and is enclosed by a fence to bar access.
 
  
 
===Battery Worth===
 
===Battery Worth===
[[Image:Batteryworth.jpg|thumb|right|Battery Worth]]
 
 
Completed in [[1899]], '''Battery Worth''' housed eight 12-inch mortars in two gun pits. Although the battery lost half its armament in [[1918]] in accordance with the War Department policy to reduce weaponry mounted in the nation's older emplacements, the other four mortars remained active until [[1942]]. The battery became essential for Army-Navy defense activities in the 1940s by housing the Fire Control Switchboard Room, Harbor Entrance Control Post and the Harbor Defense Command Post.<ref name="NPS" />
 
Completed in [[1899]], '''Battery Worth''' housed eight 12-inch mortars in two gun pits. Although the battery lost half its armament in [[1918]] in accordance with the War Department policy to reduce weaponry mounted in the nation's older emplacements, the other four mortars remained active until [[1942]]. The battery became essential for Army-Navy defense activities in the 1940s by housing the Fire Control Switchboard Room, Harbor Entrance Control Post and the Harbor Defense Command Post.<ref name="NPS" />
  
Line 120: Line 67:
  
 
===Battery Payne===
 
===Battery Payne===
Completed in [[1904]], '''Battery Payne''' featured two model 1902 3-inch rapid fire guns.<ref name="NPS" />
+
Completed in [[1904]], '''Battery Payne''' featured two 3-inch guns.<ref name="NPS" />
  
 
===Battery Trueman===
 
===Battery Trueman===
Completed in [[1905]], the design and function of '''Battery Trueman''' was identical to that of Battery Payne. Battery Trueman was positioned on the western end of Santa Rosa Island, north of the harbor entrance. The two 3-inch guns at Battery Trueman were relocated to Battery Cullum in [[1943]].<ref name="NPS" />
+
Positioned on the western end of Santa Rosa Island, north of the harbor entrance, '''Battery Trueman''' was completed in [[1905]]. The two 3-inch guns at Battery Trueman were relocated to Battery Cullum in [[1943]].<ref name="NPS" />
  
 
===Battery Cooper===
 
===Battery Cooper===
Completed in [[1906]], '''Battery Cooper''' mounted two model 1903 6-inch guns on disappearing carriages. During World War I, the guns were removed for use on railway mounts in France. In 1937, four emplacements for 155mm guns were constructed around Battery Cooper and designated Battery GPF, remaining part of the Harbor Defense Project until April 1945 when it was disarmed.<ref name="NPS" />
+
Completed in [[1906]], '''Battery Cooper''' mounted two 6-inch guns on disappearing carriages. During World War I, the guns were removed for use on railway mounts in France. In 1937, four emplacements for 155mm guns were constructed around Battery Cooper and designated Battery GPF, remaining part of the Harbor Defense Project until the spring of 1945 when it was disarmed.<ref name="NPS" />
  
 
===Battery Langdon===
 
===Battery Langdon===
[[Image:Batterylangdon.jpg|thumb|right|Battery Langdon in [[1942]].]]
+
'''Battery Langdon''' was completed in 1923 and mounted two 12-inch guns, en barbette. The battery is named in honor of [[Loomis L. Langdon]], a man who was stationed at Fort Pickens on three occasions. In [[1861]] Langdon commanded a battery of 10-inch seacoast mortars at Fort Pickens; in [[1874]] he served as an artillery captain at the fort; and in 1885 he returned as a lieutenant colonel in charge of the 2nd U.S. Artillery. Langdon was in command when Geronimo was held in the fort.<ref name="NPS" />
'''Battery Langdon''' was completed in 1923 and mounted two 12-inch guns, en barbette. Construction on the battery had begun during World War I but was delayed due to a lack of manpower. The battery is named in honor of [[Loomis L. Langdon]], a man who was stationed at Fort Pickens on three occasions. In [[1861]] Langdon commanded a battery of 10-inch seacoast mortars at Fort Pickens; in [[1874]] he served as an artillery captain at the fort; and in 1885 he returned as a lieutenant colonel in charge of the 2nd U.S. Artillery. Langdon was in command when Geronimo was held in the fort.<ref name="NPS" />
 
  
 
===Battery #234===
 
===Battery #234===
[[Image:Batt234.jpg|thumb|right|Battery #234]]
 
 
Plans for '''Battery #234''' were developed in the early 1940s in response to the buildup to World War II. However, by the time Battery #234 was completed in [[1943]], the war's tide turned in favor of the Allies and the battery was never activated.<ref name="NPS" />
 
Plans for '''Battery #234''' were developed in the early 1940s in response to the buildup to World War II. However, by the time Battery #234 was completed in [[1943]], the war's tide turned in favor of the Allies and the battery was never activated.<ref name="NPS" />
  

Please note that all contributions to Pensapedia, the Pensacola encyclopedia are considered to be released under the GNU Free Documentation License 1.2 (see Pensapedia:Copyrights for details). If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then do not submit it here.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!

To edit this page, please answer the question that appears below (more info):

Cancel Editing help (opens in new window)

Templates used on this page: